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第四章 合同的解釋CHAPTER 4 — INTERPRETATION

第4.1條 當事人的意思  ARTICLE 4.1 Intention of the parties

(1)合同應根據當事人各方的共同意思予以解釋。

(1) A contract shall be interpreted according to the common intention of the parties.

 

(2)如果該意思不能確立，合同應根據一個(gè)與各方當事人具有同等資格的、通情達理的人在處于相同情況下時(shí)，對該合同所應有的理解來(lái)解釋。

(2) If such an intention cannot be established, the contract shall be interpreted according to the meaning that reasonable persons of the same kind as the parties would give to it in the same circumstances.

 

第4.2條 對陳述和其他行為的解釋

 ARTICLE 4.2 Interpretation of statements and other conduct

(1)一方當事人的陳述和其他行為應根據該當事人的意思來(lái)解釋?zhuān)�如果另一方當事人已知或不可能不知道該意思�?/p>

(1) The statements and other conduct of a party shall be interpreted according to that party’s intention if the other party knew or could not have been unaware of that intention.

 

(2)如果前款不適用，上述陳述和其他行為應根據一個(gè)與另一方當事人具有同等資格的、通情達理的人在處于相同情況下時(shí)，對該合同所應有的理解來(lái)解釋。

(2) If the preceding paragraph is not applicable, such statements and other conduct shall be interpreted according to the meaning that a reasonable person of the same kind as the other party would give to it in the same circumstances.

 

第4.3條 相關(guān)情況  ARTICLE 4.3 Relevant circumstances

適用本章第4.1條和第4.2條時(shí)，應考慮所有情況，包括:

In applying Articles 4.1 and 4.2, regard shall be had to all the circumstances, including

 

(a)當事人之間的初期談判;

(a) preliminary negotiations between the parties;

 

(b)當事人之間已確立的習慣做法;

(b) practices which the parties have established between themselves;

 

(c)合同訂立后當事人的行為;

(c) the conduct of the parties subsequent to the conclusion of the contract;

 

(d)合同的性質(zhì)和目的;

(d) the nature and purpose of the contract;

 

(e)在所涉交易中，通常賦予合同條款和表述的含義;

(e) the meaning commonly given to terms and expressions in the trade concerned;

 

(f)慣例。(f) usages.

 

第4.4條 合同或陳述作為整體考慮  

ARTICLE 4.4 Reference to contract or statement as a whole

合同條款和表述應根據其所屬的整個(gè)合同或全部陳述予以解釋。

Terms and expressions shall be interpreted in the light of the whole contract or statement in which they appear.

 

第4.5條 給予所有條款以效力  ARTICLE 4.5 All terms to be given effect

對合同各項條款的解釋?xiě)�以使它們全部有效為宗旨，而不是排除其中一些條款的效力。

Contract terms shall be interpreted so as to give effect to all the terms rather than to deprive some of them of effect.

 

第4.6條 對條款提議人不利規則  ARTICLE 4.6  Contra proffer rule

如果一方當事人所提出的合同條款含義不清，則應做出對該方當事人不利的解釋。

If contract terms supplied by one party are unclear, an interpretation against that party is preferred.

 

第4.7條 語(yǔ)言差異  ARTICLE 4.7 Linguistic discrepancies

如果合同是以?xún)煞N或兩種以上具有同等效力的文字起草的，若這些文本之間存在差異，應優(yōu)先依據合同最初起草的文字予以解釋。

Where a contract is drawn up in two or more language versions which are equally authoritative there is, in case of discrepancy between the versions, a preference for the interpretation according to a version in which the contract was originally drawn up.

 

第4.8條 補充空缺條款  ARTICLE 4.8 Supplying an omitted term

(1)如果合同當事人各方就一項確定其權利和義務(wù)的重要條款未達成一致，應補充一項于該情況下適當的條款。

(1) Where the parties to a contract have not agreed with respect to a term which is important for a determination of their rights and duties, a term which is appropriate in the circumstances shall be supplied.

 

(2)在決定何為適當的條款時(shí)，除其他因素外，還應考慮以下情況:

(2) In determining what is an appropriate term regard shall be had, among other factors, to

 

(a)各方當事人的意思;(a) the intention of the parties;

 

(b)合同的性質(zhì)和目的;(b) the nature and purpose of the contract;

 

(c)誠實(shí)信用和公平交易原則;(c) good faith and fair dealing;

 

(d)合理性。(d) reasonableness.

 

第五章 合同的內容與第三方權利CHAPTER 5 — CONTENT AND THIRD PARTY RIGHTS

第一節 合同的內容SECTION 1: CONTENT

第5.1.1條 明示和默示的義務(wù)  ARTICLE 5.1.1 Express and implied obligations

各方當事人的合同義務(wù)可以是明示的，也可以是默示的。

The contractual obligations of the parties may be express or implied.

 

第5.1.2條 默示的義務(wù)  ARTICLE 5.1.2 Implied obligations

默示的義務(wù)源自于:Implied obligations stem from

 

(a)合同的性質(zhì)與目的;(a) the nature and purpose of the contract;

 

(b)各方當事人之間確立的習慣做法，以及慣例;

(b) practices established between the parties and usages;

 

(c)誠實(shí)信用和公平交易原則;(c) good faith and fair dealing;

 

(d)合理性。(d) reasonableness.

 

第5.1.3條 事人之間的合作  ARTICLE 5.1.3Co-operation between the parties

每一方當事人應與另一方當事人合作，如果該一方當事人在履行其義務(wù)時(shí)，可合理地期待對方當事人提供此類(lèi)合作。

Each party shall cooperate with the other party when such co-operation may reasonably be expected for the performance of that party’s obligations.

 

第5.1.4條 獲得特定結果的義務(wù)和盡最大努力的義務(wù)

ARTICLE 5.1.4 Duty to achieve a specific result. Duty of best efforts

 

(1)如果一方當事人的義務(wù)在一定程度內涉及獲得某一特定的結果，則該方當事人在該程度內有義務(wù)獲得此特定結果。

(1) To the extent that an obligation of a party involves a duty to achieve a specific result, that party is bound to achieve that result.

 

(2)如果一方當事人的義務(wù)在一定程度內涉及履行某一項活動(dòng)時(shí)應盡最大的努力，則該方當事人在該程度內有義務(wù)盡一個(gè)具有同等資格的、通情達理的人在相同情況下所會(huì )付出的努力。

(2) To the extent that an obligation of a party involves a duty of best efforts in the performance of an activity, that party is bound to make such efforts as would be made by a reasonable person of the same kind in the same circumstances.

 

第5.1.5條確定所涉義務(wù)的種類(lèi)  ARTICLE 5.1.5Determination of kind of duty involved

在確定一方當事人的義務(wù)在多大程度內涉及履行某一項活動(dòng)時(shí)應盡最大的努力或者應獲得某一特定結果時(shí)，除其他因素外，應考慮以下情況:

In determining the extent to which an obligation of a party involves a duty of best efforts in the performance of an activity or a duty to achieve a specific result, regard shall be had, among other factors, to

 

(a)合同中表述該 義務(wù)的方式;

(a) the way in which the obligation is expressed in the contract;

 

(b)合同的價(jià)格以及合同的其他條款;

(b) the contractual price and other terms of the contract;

 

(c)獲得預期結果時(shí)通常所涉及的風(fēng)險程度;

(c) the degree of risk normally involved in achieving the expected result;

 

(d)另一方當事人影響義務(wù)履行的能力。

(d) the ability of the other party to influence the performance of the obligation.

 

第5.1.6條確定履行的質(zhì)量  ARTICLE 5.1.6Determination of quality of performance

如果合同中既未規定而且也無(wú)法根據合同確定履行的質(zhì)量，則一方當事人有義務(wù)使其履行的質(zhì)量達到合理的標準，并且不得低于此情況下的平均水準。

Where the quality of performance is neither fixed by, nor determinable from, the contract a party is bound to render a performance of a quality that is reasonable and not less than average in the circumstances.

 

第5.1.7條 價(jià)格的確定  ARTICLE 5.1.7 Price determination

(1)如果合同未規定價(jià)格，也無(wú)如何確定價(jià)格的規定，在沒(méi)有任何相反表示的情況下，應視為當事人各方引用在訂立合同時(shí)相關(guān)貿易中可比較的情況下進(jìn)行此類(lèi)履行時(shí)通常收取的價(jià)格，或者，若無(wú)此價(jià)格，應為一個(gè)合理的價(jià)格。

(1) Where a contract does not fix or make provision for determining the price, the parties are considered, in the absence of any indication to the contrary, to have made reference to the price generally charged at the time of the conclusion of the contract for such performance in comparable circumstances in the trade concerned or, if no such price is available, to a reasonable price.

 

(2)如果合同的價(jià)格應由一方當事人確定，而且此定價(jià)又明顯地不合理，則不管合同中是否有任何條款的相反規定，均應以一個(gè)合理的價(jià)格予以替代。

(2) Where the price is to be determined by one party and that determination is manifestly unreasonable, a reasonable price shall be substituted notwithstanding any contract term to the contrary.

 

(3)如果價(jià)格應由一個(gè)第三人來(lái)確定，而該第三人不能或不愿確定該價(jià)格，則應采用一個(gè)合理的價(jià)格。

(3) Where the price is to be fixed by a third person, and that person cannot or will not do so, the price shall be a reasonable price.

 

(4)如果確定價(jià)格需要參照的因素不存在，或已不復存在或已不可獲得，則應取最相似的因素作為替代。

(4) Where the price is to be fixed by reference to factors which do not exist or have ceased to exist or to be accessible, the nearest equivalent factor shall be treated as a substitute.

 

第5.1.8條 無(wú)固定期限的合同  ARTICLE 5.1.8 Contract for an indefinite period

對于一個(gè)無(wú)固定期限的合同，任何一方當事人可通過(guò)在事先一段合理時(shí)間內發(fā)出通知，終止該合同。

A contract for an indefinite period may be ended by either party by giving notice a reasonable time in advance.

 

第5.1.9條 通過(guò)協(xié)議放棄權利  ARTICLE 5.1.9 Release by agreement

(1)債權人可以通過(guò)與債務(wù)人達成協(xié)議放棄其權利。

(1) An obligee may release its right by agreement with the obligor.

(2)一項無(wú)償放棄權利的要約應視為被接受，如果債務(wù)人在知曉該要約后未毫不遲延地拒絕。

(2) An offer to release a right gratuitously shall be deemed accepted if the obligor does not reject the offer without delay after having become aware of it.

 

第二節 第三方權利SECTION 2: THIRD PARTY RIGHTS

第5.2.1條 第三方受益的合同  ARTICLE 5.2.1 Contracts in favour of third parties

(1)合同當事人(即允諾人和受諾人)可通過(guò)明示或默示協(xié)議將權利授予第三方(即受益人)。

(1) The parties(the “promisor” and the “promisee”) may confer by express or implied agreement a right on a third party(the “beneficiary”).

 

(2)受益人對允諾人權利的存在以及內容，由當事人之間的協(xié)議確定，并受該協(xié)議項下的任何條件或其他限制性規定的約束。

(2) The existence and content of the beneficiary’s right against the promisor are determined by the agreement of the parties and are subject to any conditions or other limitations under the agreement.

 

第5.2.2條 可確定的第三方  ARTICLE 5.2.2 Third party identifiable

根據合同，受益人必須能夠充分明確地加以確定，但其不必須在訂立合同時(shí)就存在。

The beneficiary must be identifiable with adequate certainty by the contract but need not be in existence at the time the contract is made.

 

第5.2.3條 排除和限制條款  ARTICLE 5.2.3  Exclusion and limitation clauses

授與受益人的權利，包括受益人援引合同中排除或限制其責任的條款的權利。

The conferment of rights in the beneficiary includes the right to invoke a clause in the contract which excludes or limits the liability of the beneficiary.

 

第5.2.4條 抗辯  ARTICLE 5.2.4 Defences

允諾人可以向受益人主張其可以向受諾人主張的所有抗辯。

The promisor may assert against the beneficiary all defences which the promisor could assert against the promisee.

 

第5.2.5條 撤銷(xiāo)  ARTICLE 5.2.5 Revocation

在受益人接受該權利或已依賴(lài)該權利合理行事之前，合同當事人可以修改或者撤銷(xiāo)其通過(guò)合同授予受益人的權利。

The parties may modify or revoke the rights conferred by the contract on the beneficiary until the beneficiary has accepted them or reasonably acted in reliance on them.

 

第5.2.6條 放棄權利  ARTICLE 5.2.6 Renunciation

受益人可以放棄被授與的權利。

The beneficiary may renounce a right conferred on it.

 

第六章 履行CHAPTER 6 — PERFORMANCE

 

第一節 履行的一般規定SECTION 1: PERFORMANCE IN GENERAL

 

第6.1.1條 履行時(shí)間  ARTICLE 6.1.1 Time of performance

一方當事人必須在下列時(shí)間履行其合同義務(wù):

A party must perform its obligations:

 

(a)如果合同規定了時(shí)間，或者依合同可確定時(shí)間，則為此時(shí)間;

(a) if a time is fixed by or determinable from the contract, at that time;

 

(b)如果合同規定了或依合同可確定一段時(shí)間，則為此段期間內的任何時(shí)間，除非情況表明履行時(shí)間應由另一方當事人選擇;

(b) if a period of time is fixed by or determinable from the contract, at any time within that period unless circumstances indicate that the other party is to choose a time;

 

(c)在其他任何情況下，則在合同訂立后的一段合理時(shí)間之內。

(c) in any other case, within a reasonable time after the conclusion of the contract.

 

第6.1.2條 一次或分期履行  ARTICLE 6.1.2 Performance at one time or in installments

在屬于本章第6.1.1條(b)項或(c)項的情況下，如果合同義務(wù)能一次完成履行，并且情況未有另外的表明，則當事人必須一次履行其全部合同義務(wù)。

In cases under Article 6.1.1(b) or(c), a party must perform its obligations at one time if that performance can be rendered at one time and the circumstances do not indicate otherwise.

 

第6.1.3條 部分履行  ARTICLE 6.1.3  Partial performance

(1)履行期限到來(lái)時(shí)，債權人有權拒絕任何部分履行的請求，無(wú)論該請求是否附有對未履行部分的擔保，除非債權人這樣作無(wú)合法利益;

(1) The obligee may reject an offer to perform in part at the time performance is due, whether or not such offer is coupled with an assurance as to the balance of the performance, unless the obligee has no legitimate interest in so doing.

 

(2)因部分履行給債權人帶來(lái)的額外費用應由債務(wù)人承擔，并且不得損害任何其他救濟。

(2) Additional expenses caused to the obligee by partial performance are to be borne by the obligor without prejudice to any other remedy.

 

第6.1.4條 履行順序  ARTICLE 6.1.4 Order of performance

(1)在合同當事人能夠同時(shí)履行的限度內，則雙方當事人應同時(shí)履行其合同義務(wù)，除非情況有相反的表示。

(1) To the extent that the performances of the parties can be rendered simultaneously, the parties are bound to render them simultaneously unless the circumstances indicate otherwise.

 

(2)在僅有一方當事人需要在一段時(shí)間內履行的限度內，則該方當事人應先行履行其義務(wù)，除非情況有相反的表示。

(2) To the extent that the performance of only one party requires a period of time, that party is bound to render its performance first, unless the circumstances indicate otherwise.

 

第6.1.5條 提前履行  ARTICLE 6.1.5 Earlier performance

(1)債權人可拒絕接受提前履行，除非債權人這樣做無(wú)合法利益。

(1) The obligee may reject an earlier performance unless it has no legitimate interest in so doing.

 

(2)一方當事人接受提前履行并不影響其履行自己義務(wù)的時(shí)間，如果該履行時(shí)間已經(jīng)確定，而不管另一方當事人義務(wù)的履行。

(2) Acceptance by a party of an earlier performance does not affect the time for the performance of its own obligations if that time has been fixed irrespective of the performance of the other party’s obligations.

 

(3)因提前履行給債權人帶來(lái)的額外費用應由債務(wù)人承擔，并且不得損害其他任何救濟。

(3) Additional expenses caused to the obligee by earlier performance are to be borne by the obligor, without prejudice to any other remedy.

 

第6.1.6條 履行地  ARTICLE 6.1.6 Place of performance

(1)如果合同中既未規定履行地，或者依據合同也無(wú)法確定履行地，則應按下述地點(diǎn)履行:

(1) If the place of performance is neither fixed by, nor determinable from, the contract, a party is to perform:

 

(a)金錢(qián)債務(wù)，在債權人的營(yíng)業(yè)地;(a) a monetary obligation, at the obligee’s place of business;

 

(b)任何其它義務(wù)，在債務(wù)人自己的營(yíng)業(yè)地。

(b) any other obligation, at its own place of business.

 

(2)當事人應承擔在合同訂立后因其營(yíng)業(yè)地的改變而給履行增加的費用。

(2) A party must bear any increase in the expenses incidental to performance which is caused by a change in its place of business subsequent to the conclusion of the contract.

 

第6.1.7條 以支票或其他票據付款  ARTICLE 6.1.7 Payment by cheque or other instrument

(1)付款可以采用在付款地正常商業(yè)做法中所使用的任何形式做出。

(1) Payment may be made in any form used in the ordinary course of business at the place for payment.

 

(2)但是，債權人無(wú)論是根據第(1)款的規定還是自愿地接受支票、其他付款命令或付款承諾，均推定該接受是以這些票據能夠獲得支付為條件。

(2) However, an obligee who accepts, either by virtue of paragraph(1) or voluntarily, a cheque, any other order to pay or a promise to pay, is presumed to do so only on condition that it will be honoured.

 

第6.1.8條 轉賬支付  ARTICLE 6.1.8 Payment by funds transfer

(1)除非債權人已指定特定賬戶(hù)，付款可以通過(guò)將款項轉至債權人已告知其設有賬戶(hù)的任何金融機構進(jìn)行。

(1) Unless the obligee has indicated a particular account, payment may be made by a transfer to any of the financial institutions in which the obligee has made it known that it has an account.

 

(2)在采用轉賬支付的情況下，債務(wù)人的義務(wù)在款項有效轉至債權人的金融機構時(shí)解除。

(2) In case of payment by a transfer the obligation of the obligor is discharged when the transfer to the obligee’s financial institution becomes effective.

 

第6.1.9條 付款貨幣   ARTICLE 6.1.9 Currency of payment

(1)如果金錢(qián)債務(wù)是以非付款地的貨幣表示的，則債務(wù)人可以用付款地之貨幣支付，除非:

(1) If a monetary obligation is expressed in a currency other than that of the place for payment, it may be paid by the obligor in the currency of the place for payment unless

 

(a)那種貨幣不能自由兌換;或者(a) that currency is not freely convertible; or

 

(b)當事人各方約定只能以表示金錢(qián)債務(wù)的貨幣進(jìn)行支付。

(b) the parties have agreed that payment should be made only in the currency in which the monetary obligation is expressed.

 

(2)如果債務(wù)人不可能以表示金錢(qián)債務(wù)的貨幣支付，則債權人可要求以付款地的貨幣支付，即便屬第(1)款(b)項規定的情況亦可如此要求。

(2) If it is impossible for the obligor to make payment in the currency in which the monetary obligation is expressed, the obligee may require payment in the currency of the place for payment, even in the case referred to in paragraph(1)(b).

 

(3)以付款地的貨幣支付時(shí)，應按照付款義務(wù)到期時(shí)付款地適用的通行匯率支付。

(3) Payment in the currency of the place for payment is to be made according to the applicable rate of exchange prevailing there when payment is due.

 

(4)但是，如果債務(wù)人在付款到期時(shí)未支付款項，則債權人既可要求債務(wù)人根據付款義務(wù)到期時(shí)或實(shí)際付款時(shí)所適用的通行匯率進(jìn)行支付。

(4) However, if the obligor has not paid at the time when payment is due, the obligee may require payment according to the applicable rate of exchange prevailing either when payment is due or at the time of actual payment.

 

第6.1.10條 未規定貨幣  ARTICLE 6.1.10 Currency not expressed

如果一項金錢(qián)債務(wù)未以某一具體貨幣作表示，則付款應以付款地的貨幣進(jìn)行支付。

Where a monetary obligation is not expressed in a particular currency, payment must be made in the currency of the place where payment is to be made.

 

第6.1.11條 履行費用  ARTICLE 6.1.11 Costs of performance

每一方當事人應承擔其履行義務(wù)時(shí)所發(fā)生的費用。

Each party shall bear the costs of performance of its obligations.

 

第6.1.12條 指定清償  ARTICLE 6.1.12 Imputation of payments

(1)對同一債權人負有多項金錢(qián)債務(wù)的債務(wù)人，可在付款時(shí)指定該款項用以?xún)斶�的債務(wù)。但是，該款項應首先償付任何費用，其次為應付利息，最后為本金。

(1) An obligor owing several monetary obligations to the same obligee may specify at the time of payment the debt to which it intends the payment to be applied. However, the payment discharges first any expenses, then interest due and finally the

principal.

 

(2)如果債務(wù)人未加指定，則債權人可在獲得支付后的合理時(shí)間內向債務(wù)人聲明該款項用以?xún)斶�的債務(wù)，但是該項債務(wù)必須是到期的，并且是無(wú)爭議的。

(2) If the obligor makes no such specification, the obligee may, within a reasonable time after payment, declare to the obligor the obligation to which it imputes the payment, provided that the obligation is due and undisputed.

 

(3)如果根據第(1)款或第(2)款的規定無(wú)法確定清償對象，則付款應按下列標準之一及指明的順序償還債務(wù):

(3) In the absence of imputation under paragraphs(1) or(2) payment is imputed to that obligation which satisfies one of the following criteria in the order indicated:

 

(a)到期之債務(wù)，或者首先到期之債務(wù);

(a) an obligation which is due or which is the first to fall due;

 

(b)債權人享有最少擔保之債務(wù);

(b) the obligation for which the obligee has least security;

 

(c)對債務(wù)人屬于負擔最重之債務(wù);或者

(c) the obligation which is the most burdensome for the obligor;

 

(d)最先發(fā)生之債務(wù)。(d) the obligation which has arisen first.

 

若以上標準均不適用，則按比例用以清償各項債務(wù)。

If none of the preceding criteria applies, payment is imputed to all the obligations proportionally.

 

第6.1.13條 非金錢(qián)債務(wù)的指定清償 

ARTICLE 6.1.13 Imputation of non-monetary obligations

本章第6.1.12條的規定經(jīng)適當修改后適用于非金錢(qián)債務(wù)的指定履行。

Article 6.1.12 applies with appropriate adaptations to the imputation of performance of non-monetary obligations.

 

第6.1.14條 申請公共許可  ARTICLE 6.1.14 Application for public permission

若一國法律所要求的公共許可影響到合同的效力或其履行，并且該法律或有關(guān)情況都無(wú)其他表明，則

Where the law of a State requires a public permission affecting the validity of the contract or its performance and neither that law nor the circumstances indicate otherwise

 

(a)如果只有一方當事人的營(yíng)業(yè)地在該國，則該方當事人應采取必要的措施以取得該許可;

(a) if only one party has its place of business in that State, that party shall takethe measures necessary to obtain the permission;

 

(b)在任何其他情況下，履行須經(jīng)許可的那一方當事人應當采取必要的措施。

(b) in any other case the party whose performance requires permission shall take the necessary measures.

 

第6.1.15條 申請許可的程序  ARTICLE 6.1.15 Procedure in applying for permission

(1)有義務(wù)采取必要措施以取得許可的當事人，應毫不遲延地如此行事，并應該承擔由此產(chǎn)生的一切費用。

(1) The party required to take the measures necessary to obtain the permission shall do so without undue delay and shall bear any expenses incurred.

 

(2)該方當事人應在任何適當的時(shí)候，毫不遲延地向另一方當事人發(fā)出該許可已獲批準或遭到拒絕的通知。

(2) That party shall whenever appropriate give the other party notice of the grant or refusal of such permission without undue delay.

 

第6.1.16條 許可既未獲批準又未遭拒絕 

ARTICLE 6.1.16 Permission neither granted nor refused

(1)盡管有義務(wù)的當事人采取了所有必要的措施，如果在約定的期間之內，或若無(wú)此約定，則在合同訂立后的合理時(shí)間之內，許可申請既未獲得批準又未遭到拒絕，則任何一方當事人均有權終止該合同。

(1) If, notwithstanding the fact that the party responsible has taken all measures required, permission is neither granted nor refused within an agreed period or, where no period has been agreed, within a reasonable time from the conclusion of the contract, either party is entitled to terminate the contract.

 

(2)當許可僅影響合同的某些條款時(shí)，如果維持合同的其余部分是合理的，即便許可遭到拒絕，也不適用上述第(1)款。

(2) Where the permission affects some terms only, paragraph(1) does not apply if, having regard to the circumstances, it is reasonable to uphold the remaining contract even if the permission is refused.

 

第6.1.17條 拒絕許可  ARTICLE 6.1.17 Permission refused

(1)當拒絕許可影響合同的效力時(shí)，則該拒絕導致合同無(wú)效。如果拒絕許可只影響合同部分條款的效力，則僅該部分條款無(wú)效，如果考慮到各種情況維持合同的其余部分是合理的。

(1) The refusal of a permission affecting the validity of the contract renders the contract void. If the refusal affects the validity of some terms only, only such terms are void if, having regard to the circumstances, it is reasonable to uphold the remaining contract.

 

(2)當拒絕許可導致合同的全部或部分履行不可能時(shí)，適用有關(guān)不履行的規定。

(2) Where the refusal of a permission renders the performance of the contract impossible in whole or in part, the rules on non-performance apply.

 

第二節:艱難情形SECTION 2: HARDSHIP

第6.2.1條 合同必須遵守  ARTICLE 6.2.1 Contract to be observed

如果合同的履行使一方當事人變得負擔加重，該方當事人仍應履行其義務(wù)，但屬于下列艱難情形規定的除外。

Where the performance of a contract becomes more onerous for one of the parties, that party is nevertheless bound to perform its obligations subject to the following provisions on hardship.

 

第6.2.2條 艱難情形的定義  ARTICLE 6.2.2 Definition of hardship

所謂艱難情形，是指發(fā)生的事件使得一方當事人履約成本增加或者一方當事人所獲履約的價(jià)值減少，因而根本改變了合同均衡，并且

There is hardship where the occurrence of events fundamentally alters the equilibrium of the contract either because the cost of a party’s performance has increased or because the value of the performance a party receives has diminished, and

 

(a)該事件的發(fā)生或為處于不利地位的當事人知道事件的發(fā)生在合同訂立之后;

(a) the events occur or become known to the disadvantaged party after the conclusion of the contract;

 

(b)處于不利地位的當事人在訂立合同時(shí)不能合理地預見(jiàn)事件的發(fā)生;

(b) the events could not reasonably have been taken into account by the disadvantaged party at the time of the conclusion of the contract;

 

(c)事件不能為處于不利地位的當事人所控制;而且

(c) the events are beyond the control of the disadvantaged party; and

 

(d)事件的風(fēng)險不由處于不利地位的當事人承擔。

(d) the risk of the events was not assumed by the disadvantaged party.

 

第6.2.3條(艱難情形的后果)

ARTICLE 6.2.3(Effects of hardship)

 

(1)若出現艱難情形，處于不利地位的當事人有權要求重新談判。但是，提出此要求應毫不遲延地，而且說(shuō)明提出該要求的理由。

(1) In case of hardship the disadvantaged party is entitled to request renegotiations. The request shall be made without undue delay and shall indicate the grounds on which it is based.

 

(2)重新談判的要求本身并不能使處于不利地位的當事人有權停止履約。

(2) The request for renegotiation does not in itself entitle the disadvantaged party to withhold performance.

 

(3)在合理時(shí)間內不能達成協(xié)議時(shí)，任何一方當事人均可訴諸法院。

(3) Upon failure to reach agreement within a reasonable time either party may resort to the court.

 

(4)如果法院認定存在艱難情形，只要合理，法院可以:

(4) If the court finds hardship it may, if reasonable,

 

(a)在確定的日期并按確定的條件終止合同，或者

(a) terminate the contract at a date and on terms to be fixed, or

 

(b)為恢復合同的均衡而修改合同。

(b) adapt the contract with a view to restoring its equilibrium.

 

第七章 不履行CHAPTER 7 — NON-PERFORMANCE

第一節 不履行的一般規定SECTION 1: NON-PERFORMANCE IN GENERAL

第7.1.1條 不履行的定義  ARTICLE 7.1.1 Non-performance defined

不履行是指一方當事人未能履行其合同項下的任何一項義務(wù)，包括瑕疵履行和遲延履行。

Non-performance is failure by a party to perform any of its obligations under the contract, including defective performance or late performance.

 

第7.1.2條  另一方當事人的干預   ARTICLE 7.1.2 Interference by the other party

一方當事人不得依賴(lài)另一方當事人的不履行，如果該不履行是在由前者的作為或不作為或由其承擔風(fēng)險的其他事件所致的范圍內。

A party may not rely on the non-performance of the other party to the extent that such non-performance was caused by the first party’s act or omission or by another event as to which the first party bears the risk.

 

第7.1.3條 停止履行  ARTICLE 7.1.3 Withholding performance

(1)當事人各方應同時(shí)履行合同義務(wù)的，任何一方當事人可在另一方當事人提供履行前停止履行。

(1) Where the parties are to perform simultaneously, either party may withhold performance until the other party tenders its performance.

 

(2)當事人各方應相繼履行合同義務(wù)的，后履行的一方當事人可在應先予履行的一方當事人完成履行之前停止履行。

(2) Where the parties are to perform consecutively, the party that is to perform later may withhold its performance until the first party has performed.

 

第7.1.4條 不履行方的補救  ARTICLE 7.1.4 Cure by non-performing party

(1)不履行一方當事人可自己承擔費用對其不履行進(jìn)行補救，但須符合下述條件:

(1) The non-performing party may, at its own expense, cure any nonperformance, provided that

 

(a)該方當事人毫不遲延地通知另一方當事人其擬進(jìn)行補救的方式和時(shí)間;

(a) without undue delay, it gives notice indicating the proposed manner and timing of the cure;

 

(b)該補救在當時(shí)情況下是適當的;(b) cure is appropriate in the circumstances;

 

(c)受損害方對于拒絕補救無(wú)合法利益;并且

(c) the aggrieved party has no legitimate interest in refusing cure; and

 

(d)補救是立即進(jìn)行的。(d) cure is effected promptly.

 

(2)補救的權利并不因終止合同的通知被排除。

(2) The right to cure is not precluded by notice of termination.

 

(3)在收到有效的補救通知后，受損害方所享有的與不履行方的履行行為不一致的權利應予中止，直至補救期限屆滿(mǎn)。

(3) Upon effective notice of cure, rights of the aggrieved party that are inconsistent with the non-performing party’s performance are suspended until the time for cure has expired.

 

(4)受損害方在補救期間有權停止履行。

(4) The aggrieved party may withhold performance pending cure.

 

(5)盡管進(jìn)行補救，受損害方仍保留對遲延以及因補救所造成的、或補救未能阻止的損害要求損害賠償的權利。

(5) Notwithstanding cure, the aggrieved party retains the right to claim damages for delay as well as for any harm caused or not prevented by the cure.

 

第7.1.5條 履行的額外期間  ARTICLE 7.1.5 Additional period for performance

(1)在出現不履行的情況下，受損害方可通知另一方當事人，允許其有一段額外期間履行義務(wù)。

(1) In a case of non-performance the aggrieved party may by notice to the other party allow an additional period of time for performance.

 

(2)在此額外期間內，受損害方可停止履行其對應的義務(wù)，并且可要求損害賠償，但不得采取任何其他救濟手段。如果受損害方收到另一方當事人在此額外期間內將不會(huì )履行的通知，或者，在此額外期間屆滿(mǎn)時(shí)另一方當事人仍未完成對其義務(wù)的履行，則受損害方可采取本章所規定的任何救濟手段。

(2) During the additional period the aggrieved party may withhold performance of its own reciprocal obligations and may claim damages but may not resort to any other remedy. If it receives notice from the other party that the latter will not perform within that period, or if upon expiry of that period due performance has not been made, the aggrieved party may resort to any of the remedies that may be available under this Chapter.

 

(3)在不屬根本性的延遲履行的情況下，如果受損害方已發(fā)出通知，給予不履行方一段合理的額外期間履行其義務(wù)，則受損害方在該段期間屆滿(mǎn)時(shí)可終止合同。如果所允許的額外期間的長(cháng)度不合理，則應延長(cháng)至合理的長(cháng)度。受損害方可在其通知中規定，如果另一方當事人在此額外期間內仍不履行其義務(wù)，合同應自動(dòng)終止。

(3) Where in a case of delay in performance which is not fundamental the aggrieved party has given notice allowing an additional period of time of reasonable length, it may terminate the contract at the end of that period. If the additional period allowed is not of reasonable length it shall be extended to a reasonable length. The aggrieved party may in its notice provide that if the other party fails to perform within the period allowed by the notice the contract shall automatically terminate.

 

(4)如果未履行的義務(wù)只是不履行方合同義務(wù)中的一項輕微義務(wù)，則本條第(3)款不適用。

(4) Paragraph(3) does not apply where the obligation which has not been performed is only a minor part of the contractual obligation of the non-performing party.

 

第7.1.6條 免責條款  ARTICLE 7.1.6 Exemption clauses

若一項條款限制或排除一方當事人對不履行合同義務(wù)的責任，或者允許一方當事人的履行可與另一方當事人的合理期待有實(shí)質(zhì)差異，在考慮到合同的目的的情況下，如援引該條款明顯不公平，則不得援引該條款。

A clause which limits or excludes one party’s liability for non-performance or whichpermits one party to render performance substantially different from what the other party reasonably expected may not be invoked if it would be grossly unfair to do so, having regard to the purpose of the contract.

 

第7.1.7條 不可抗力  ARTICLE 7.1.7 Force majeure

(1)若不履行的一方當事人證明，其不履行是由于非他所能控制的障礙所致，而且在合同訂立之時(shí)該方當事人無(wú)法合理地預見(jiàn)，或不能合理地避免或克服該障礙及其后果，則不履行方應予免責。

(1) Non-performance by a party is excused if that party proves that the nonperformance was due to an impediment beyond its control and that it could not reasonably be expected to have taken the impediment into account at the time of the conclusion of the contract or to have avoided or overcome it or its consequences.

 

(2)若障礙只是暫時(shí)的，則在考慮到這種障礙對合同履行影響的情況下，免責只在一段合理的期間內具有效力。

(2) When the impediment is only temporary, the excuse shall have effect for such period as is reasonable having regard to the effect of the impediment on the performance of the contract.

 

(3)未能履行義務(wù)的一方當事人必須將障礙及對其履約能力的影響通知另一方當事人。若另一方當事人在未履行方知道或應當知道該障礙后的一段合理時(shí)間內沒(méi)有收到通知，則未履行方應對另一方當事人因未收到通知而導致的損害負賠償責任。

(3) The party who fails to perform must give notice to the other party of the impediment and its effect on its ability to perform. If the notice is not received by the other party within a reasonable time after the party who fails to perform knew or ought to have known of the impediment, it is liable for damages resulting from such nonreceipt.

 

(4)本條并不妨礙一方當事人行使終止合同、停止履行或對到期應付款項要求支付利息的權利。

(4) Nothing in this article prevents a party from exercising a right to terminate the contract or to withhold performance or request interest on money due.

 

第二節 要求履行的權利SECTION 2: RIGHT TO PERFORMANCE

第7.2.1條 金錢(qián)債務(wù)的履行  ARTICLE 7.2.1 Performance of monetary obligation

如果有義務(wù)付款的一方當事人未履行其付款義務(wù)，則另一方當事人可以要求付款。

Where a party who is obliged to pay money does not do so, the other party may require payment.

 

第7.2.2條 非金錢(qián)債務(wù)的履行  ARTICLE 7.2.2 Performance of non-monetary obligation

如果一方當事人未履行其不屬支付金錢(qián)的債務(wù)，另一方當事人可要求履行，除非:

Where a party who owes an obligation other than one to pay money does not perform, the other party may require performance, unless

 

(a)履行在法律上或事實(shí)上不可能; (a) performance is impossible in law or in fact;

 

(b)履行或相關(guān)的執行帶來(lái)不合理的負擔或費用;

(b) performance or, where relevant, enforcement is unreasonably burdensome or expensive;

 

(c)有權要求履行的一方當事人可以合理地從其他渠道獲得履行;

(c) the party entitled to performance may reasonably obtain performance from another source;

 

(d)履行完全屬于人身性質(zhì);或者  (d) performance is of an exclusively personal character; or

 

(e)有權要求履行的一方當事人在已經(jīng)知道或應當知道該不履行后的一段合理時(shí)間內未要求履行。

(e) the party entitled to performance does not require performance within a reasonable time after it has, or ought to have, become aware of the non-performance.

 

第7.2.3條 對瑕疵履行的修補和替換

ARTICLE 7.2.3 Repair and replacement of defective performance

要求履行的權利，在適當的情況下，包括對瑕疵履行要求修補、替換或其他補救的權利。這里也適用第7.2.1條和第7.2.2條的規定。

The right to performance includes in appropriate cases the right to require repair, replacement, or other cure of defective performance. The provisions of Articles 7.2.1 and 7.2.2 apply accordingly.

 

第7.2.4條 法院判決的罰金   ARTICLE 7.2.4 Judicial penalty

(1)當法院判決一方當事人履行義務(wù)時(shí)，若該方當事人不執行該判決，法院還可責令其支付罰金。

(1) Where the court orders a party to perform, it may also direct that this party pay a penalty if it does not comply with the order.

 

(2)罰金應支付給受損害方，除非法院地的強制性法規另有規定，向受損害方支付罰金并不排除其任何要求損害賠償的主張權。

(2) The penalty shall be paid to the aggrieved party unless mandatory provisions of the law of the forum provide otherwise. Payment of the penalty to the aggrieved party does not exclude any claim for damages.

 

第7.2.5條 救濟的變更  ARTICLE 7.2.5 Change of remedy

(1)要求履行非金錢(qián)債務(wù)的受損害方，在規定的期限內或若無(wú)此規定在一段合理的時(shí)間內，未獲得履行，則該方當事人可訴諸任何其他的救濟手段。

(1) An aggrieved party who has required performance of a non-monetary obligation and who has not received performance within a period fixed or otherwise within a reasonable period of time may invoke any other remedy.

 

(2)當對于履行非金錢(qián)債務(wù)的法院判決不能得到執行時(shí)，受損害方可訴諸任何其他的救濟手段。

(2) Where the decision of a court for performance of a non-monetary obligation cannot be enforced, the aggrieved party may invoke any other remedy.

 

第三節 合同的終止SECTION 3: TERMINATION

第7.3.1條 終止合同的權利  ARTICLE 7.3.1 Right to terminate the contract

(1)合同一方當事人可終止合同，如果另一方當事人未履行其合同項下的某項義務(wù)構成對合同的根本不履行。

(1) A party may terminate the contract where the failure of the other party to perform an obligation under the contract amounts to a fundamental non-performance.

 

(2)在確定不履行某項義務(wù)是否構成根本不履行時(shí)，應特別考慮是否存在以下情況:

(2) In determining whether a failure to perform an obligation amounts to a fundamental non-performance regard shall be had, in particular, to whether

 

(a)不履行從實(shí)質(zhì)上剝奪了受損害方根據合同有權期待的利益，除非另一方當事人并未預見(jiàn)也不可能合理地預見(jiàn)到此結果;

(a) the non-performance substantially deprives the aggrieved party of what it was entitled to expect under the contract unless the other party did not foresee and could not reasonably have foreseen such result;

 

(b)對未履行義務(wù)的嚴格遵守是合同項下的實(shí)質(zhì)內容;

(b) strict compliance with the obligation which has not been performed is of essence under the contract;

 

(c)不履行是有意所致還是疏忽所致;  (c) the non-performance is intentional or reckless;

 

(d)不履行使受損害方有理由相信，他不能信賴(lài)另一方當事人的未來(lái)履行;

(d) the non-performance gives the aggrieved party reason to believe that it cannot rely on the other party’s future performance;

 

(e)若合同被終止，不履行方將因已準備或已履行而蒙受不相稱(chēng)的損失。

(e) the non-performing party will suffer disproportionate loss as a result of the preparation or performance if the contract is terminated.

 

(3)在遲延履行的情況下，如果另一方當事人未在第7.1.5條允許的額外期間屆滿(mǎn)前履行合同，受損害方亦可終止合同。

(3) In the case of delay the aggrieved party may also terminate the contract if the other party fails to perform before the time allowed it under Article 7.1.5 has expired.

 

第7.3.2條 終止通知  ARTICLE 7.3.2 Notice of termination

(1)一方當事人終止合同的權利通過(guò)向另一方當事人發(fā)出通知來(lái)行使。

(1) The right of a party to terminate the contract is exercised by notice to the other party.

 

(2)若屬遲延履行或履行與合同不符，受損害方將喪失終止合同的權利，除非他在已經(jīng)知道或理應知道遲延履行或不符履行后一段合理時(shí)間內通知另一方當事人。

(2) If performance has been offered late or otherwise does not conform to the contract the aggrieved party will lose its right to terminate the contract unless it gives notice to the other party within a reasonable time after it has or ought to have become aware of the offer or of the non-conforming performance.

 

第7.3.3條 預期不履行  ARTICLE 7.3.3 Anticipatory non-performance

如果在一方當事人履行合同日期之前，情況表明該方當事人將根本不履行其合同義務(wù)，則另一方當事人可終止合同。

Where prior to the date for performance by one of the parties it is clear that there will be a fundamental non-performance by that party, the other party may terminate the contract.

 

第7.3.4條 如約履行的充分保證  ARTICLE 7.3.4 Adequate assurance of due performance

一方當事人如果有理由相信另一方當事人將根本不履行，可要求其對如約履行提供充分保證，并可同時(shí)停止履行其自己的合同義務(wù)。若在合理時(shí)間內不能提供這種保證，則要求提供保證的一方當事人可終止合同。

A party who reasonably believes that there will be a fundamental non-performance by the other party may demand adequate assurance of due performance and may meanwhile withhold its own performance. Where this assurance is not provided within a reasonable time the party demanding it may terminate the contract.

 

第7.3.5條 終止合同的一般效果   ARTICLE 7.3.5 Effects of termination in general

(1)合同的終止解除雙方當事人履行和接受未來(lái)履行的義務(wù)。

(1) Termination of the contract releases both parties from their obligation to effect and to receive future performance.

 

(2)終止并不排除對不履行要求損害賠償的權利。

(2) Termination does not preclude a claim for damages for non-performance.

 

(3)終止并不影響合同中關(guān)于解決爭議的任何規定，或者甚至在合同終止后仍應執行的其他合同條款。

(3) Termination does not affect any provision in the contract for the settlement of disputes or any other term of the contract which is to operate even after termination.

 

第7.3.6條 恢復原狀  ARTICLE 7.3.6 Restitution

(1)終止合同時(shí)，任何一方當事人可主張返還他所提供的一切，但是要以該方同時(shí)亦返還他所收到的一切為條件。如果實(shí)物返還不可能或不適當，只要合理，應以金錢(qián)予以補償。

(1) On termination of the contract either party may claim restitution of whatever it has supplied, provided that such party concurrently makes restitution of whatever it has received. If restitution in kind is not possible or appropriate allowance should be made in money whenever reasonable.

 

(2)但是若合同的履行已持續了一段時(shí)間，并且合同是可分割的，則只能對合同終止生效后的那段期間的履行請求此類(lèi)恢復原狀。

(2) However, if performance of the contract has extended over a period of time and the contract is divisible, such restitution can only be claimed for the period after termination has taken effect.

 

第四節 損害賠償SECTION 4: DAMAGES

第7.4.1條 損害賠償的權利 ARTICLE 7.4.1 Right to damages

任何不履行均使受損害方取得損害賠償請求權，該權利既可以單獨行使，也可以和任何其他救濟手段一并行使，但該不履行根據本通則屬可以免責的除外。

Any non-performance gives the aggrieved party a right to damages either exclusively or in conjunction with any other

remedies except where the non-performance is excused under these Principles.

 

第7.4.2條 賠償  ARTICLE 7.4.2 Full compensation

(1)受損害方對由于不履行而遭受的損害有權得到完全賠償。該損害既包括該方當事人遭受的任何損失，也包括其被剝奪的任何收益，但應當考慮到受損害方因避免發(fā)生的成本或損害而得到的任何收益。

(1) The aggrieved party is entitled to full compensation for harm sustained as a result of the non-performance. Such harm includes both any loss which it suffered and any gain of which it was deprived, taking into account any gain to the aggrieved party resulting from its avoidance of cost or harm.

 

(2)此損害可以是非金錢(qián)性質(zhì)的，并且包括例如肉體或精神上的痛苦。

(2) Such harm may be non-pecuniary and includes, for instance, physical suffering or emotional distress.

 

第7.4.3條 損害的確定  ARTICLE 7.4.3 Certainty of harm

(1)賠償僅適用于根據合理的確定性程度而證實(shí)的損害，包括未來(lái)?yè)p害。

(1) Compensation is due only for harm, including future harm, that is established with a reasonable degree of certainty.

 

(2)對機會(huì )損失的賠償可根據機會(huì )發(fā)生的可能性程度來(lái)確定。

(2) Compensation may be due for the loss of a chance in proportion to the probability of its occurrence.

 

(3)凡不能以充分確定性程度來(lái)確定損害賠償的金額，賠償金額的確定取決于法院的自由裁量權。

(3) Where the amount of damages cannot be established with a sufficient degree of certainty, the assessment is at the discretion of the court.

 

第7.4.4條 損害的可預見(jiàn)性  ARTICLE 7.4.4 Foreseeability of harm

不履行方僅對在訂立合同時(shí)他已經(jīng)預見(jiàn)到的或應當合理預見(jiàn)到的、因其不履行可能產(chǎn)生的損害承擔責任。

The non-performing party is liable only for harm which it foresaw or could reasonably have foreseen at the time of the conclusion of the contract as being likely to result from its non-performance.

 

第7.4.5條 存在替代交易情況時(shí)的損害證明 

ARTICLE 7.4.5 Proof of harm in case of replacement transaction

在受損害方已終止合同并在合理時(shí)間內以合理方式進(jìn)行了替代交易的情況下，該方當事人可對原合同價(jià)格與替代交易價(jià)格之間的差額以及任何進(jìn)一步的損害要求賠償。

Where the aggrieved party has terminated the contract and has made a replacement transaction within a reasonable time and in a reasonable manner it may recover the difference between the contract price and the price of the replacement transaction as well as damages for any further harm.

 

第7.4.6條 依時(shí)價(jià)確定損害的證明   ARTICLE 7.4.6  Proof of harm by current price

(1)在受損害方已終止合同但未進(jìn)行替代交易的情況下，如果對于合同約定的履行存在時(shí)價(jià)，則該方當事人可對合同價(jià)格與合同終止時(shí)的時(shí)價(jià)之間的差額以及任何進(jìn)一步的損害要求賠償。

(1) Where the aggrieved party has terminated the contract and has not made a replacement transaction but there is a current price for the performance contracted for, it may recover the difference between the contract price and the price current at the time the contract is terminated as well as damages for any further harm.

 

(2)時(shí)價(jià)是指在合同應當履行的地點(diǎn)，對應交付之貨物或應提供之服務(wù)在可比情況下通常所收取的價(jià)格，或者如果該地無(wú)時(shí)價(jià)，時(shí)價(jià)為可合理參照的另一地的時(shí)價(jià)。

(2) Current price is the price generally charged for goods delivered or services rendered in comparable circumstances at the place where the contract should have been performed or, if there is no current price at that place, the current price at such other place that appears reasonable to take as a reference.

 

第7.4.7條 部分歸咎于受損害方的損害  ARTICLE 7.4.7 Harm due in part to aggrieved party

如果損害部分歸咎于受損害方的作為或不作為，或是由該方當事人承擔風(fēng)險的其他事件所導致，在考慮到各方當事人行為的情況下，損害賠償金額應扣除因上述因素導致的損害部分。

Where the harm is due in part to an act or omission of the aggrieved party or to another event as to which that party bears the risk, the amount of damages shall be reduced to the extent that these factors have contributed to the harm, having regard to the conduct of each of the parties.

 

第7.4.8條 損害的減輕  ARTICLE 7.4.8 Mitigation of harm

(1)不履行方對于受損害方所蒙受的本來(lái)可以通過(guò)其采取合理措施減少的那部分損害，不承擔責任。

(1) The non-performing party is not liable for harm suffered by the aggrieved party to the extent that the harm could have been reduced by the latter party’s taking reasonable steps.

 

(2)受損害方有權對試圖減少損害而發(fā)生的一切合理費用要求補償。

(2) The aggrieved party is entitled to recover any expenses reasonably incurred in attempting to reduce the harm.

 

第7.4.9條 未付金錢(qián)債務(wù)的利息  ARTICLE 7.4.9 Interest for failure to pay money

(1)如果一方當事人未支付一筆到期的金錢(qián)債務(wù)，受損害方有權要求支付自該筆債務(wù)到期時(shí)起至支付時(shí)止的利息，而不管該不付款是否可被免責。

(1) If a party does not pay a sum of money when it falls due the aggrieved party is entitled to interest upon that sum from the time when payment is due to the time of payment whether or not the non-payment is excused.

 

(2)利率應為付款地銀行對主要借款人借貸支付貨幣的短期平均貸款通行利率。若該地無(wú)此利率，則為支付貨幣國家的此種利率。當上述兩地均無(wú)此利率時(shí)，應為支付貨幣國法律規定的適當利率。

(2) The rate of interest shall be the average bank short-term lending rate to prime borrowers prevailing for the currency of payment at the place for payment, or where no such rate exists at that place, then the same rate in the State of the currency of payment. In the absence of such a rate at either place the rate of interest shall be the appropriate rate fixed by the law of the State of the currency of payment.

 

(3)受損害方有權對不付款給其造成的更大的損害要求額外的損害賠償。

(3) The aggrieved party is entitled to additional damages if the non-payment caused it a greater harm.

 

第7.4.10條 損害賠償的利息  ARTICLE 7.4.10 Interest on damages

除非另有約定，對非金錢(qián)債務(wù)不履行的損害賠償的利息自不履行之時(shí)起算。

Unless otherwise agreed, interest on damages for non-performance of non-monetary obligations accrues as from the time of non-performance.

 

第7.4.11條 金錢(qián)賠償的方式  ARTICLE 7.4.11 Manner of monetary redress

(1)損害賠償應一次付清。但是，當損害的性質(zhì)適于分期付款償付時(shí)，也可分期償付。

(1) Damages are to be paid in a lump sum. However, they may be payable in instalments where the nature of the harm makes this appropriate.

(2)分期支付損害賠償金時(shí)，可以按指數調整。

(2) Damages to be paid in instalments may be indexed.

 

第7.4.12條 估算損害賠償金的貨幣  ARTICLE 7.4.12 Currency in which to assess damages

損害賠償金既可以用表示金錢(qián)債務(wù)的貨幣確定，也可以用遭受損害的貨幣確定，以?xún)烧咧凶顬檫m當的貨幣為準。

Damages are to be assessed either in the currency in which the monetary obligation was expressed or in the currency in which the harm was suffered, whichever is more appropriate.

 

第7.4.13條 對不履行所約定的付款  ARTICLE 7.4.13 Agreed payment for non-performance

(1)如果合同規定不履行方應支付受損害方一筆約定的金額，則受損害方有權獲得該筆金額，而不管其實(shí)際損害如何。

(1) Where the contract provides that a party who does not perform is to pay a specified sum to the aggrieved party for such non-performance, the aggrieved party is entitled to that sum irrespective of its actual harm.

 

(2)但是，如果約定金額嚴重超過(guò)因不履行以及其他情況導致的損害，則可將該約定金額減少至一個(gè)合理的數目，而不考慮任何與此相反的約定。

(2) However, notwithstanding any agreement to the contrary the specified sum may be reduced to a reasonable amount where it is grossly excessive in relation to the harm resulting from the non-performance and to the other circumstances.
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